There are a number of things which can cause a tooth to fracture or crack such as age, grinding, trauma, and other issues like poor oral health. In some cases, patients do not have any symptoms associated with the crack, while other times it can cause pain, sensitivity, or swelling. The dentist will select the treatment method based on the location and severity of the crack.
A cracked tooth may also be referred to as cracked tooth syndrome (CTS). As suggested by the name, this occurs when there is a crack in the tooth. The severity of the crack can range from small and harmless to severe and the cause for excruciating pain. In cases of an extreme split, the tooth can actually split into two separate pieces.
A cracked tooth is most common among children and older people, but anyone can crack their tooth. Patients who think they may have a broken or cracked tooth should follow up with the dentist immediately.
Common causes of cracked teeth include the following:
1. Wear and tear associated with the natural aging process
2. Chewing hard foods
3. Lifestyle habits such as gum chewing on ice or using the teeth as tools to open things
4. Large fillings which compromise the integrity of the tooth
5. Grinding
6. Trauma or accidents
While a cracked tooth does not always result in symptoms, common symptoms are summarized below:
- Sporadic pain, especially triggered by chewing
- Sensitivity to hot, cold, and sweets
- Swelling of the gums near the affected tooth
- Visible crack on the tooth’s surface
A cracked tooth can be surprisingly difficult to diagnose as the symptoms can be related to another oral health issue. The provider will typically review the symptoms and discuss possible causes of the fracture. This includes any trauma or recent injuries to the mouth. Patients will need to follow up with a dental professional for a thorough examination of the teeth. The provider will also review any lifestyle habits such as chewing on hard objects and grinding which can cause a crack.
The dentist may refer patients to an endodontist for the treatment of a cracked tooth. An endodontist is a specialist with focus on issues associated with the root and pulp. Below is a summary of steps that can help relieve symptoms at home while waiting to see the dentist:
1. Use an ice pack on the mouth to prevent and alleviate swelling
2. Rinse the mouth with salt water to aid in cleaning the teeth
3. Take over-the-counter pain reliever and anti-inflammatory medication to manage pain and swelling
The severity and location of the cracked tooth will determine the best treatment options. Common treatments used to restore a cracked tooth include the following:
- Bonding - a plastic resin material is used to fill in the crack
- Cosmetic contouring - Any rough or jagged edges are rounded and polished to ensure the tooth is smooth
- Dental crown - A porcelain or ceramic crown is placed over the damaged tooth
- Veneer - A thin porcelain or plastic shell is attached to the front surface of the tooth
- Root canal - Damaged pulp is removed to prevent further infection and damage to the tooth. A crown can then be placed over the tooth to restore the tooth’s function
- Extraction - Sometimes the tooth is damaged beyond repair and must be removed completely
In some cases, the dental provider may suggest not taking any action to repair a broken tooth. This is common when the crack is not impacting the tooth’s appearance, causing pain, and is superficial.
